Capital Punishment Has On The State Of California - 968 Words

Judge Arthur Alarcon and Prof. Paula Mitchell of California have recently done a study on capital punishment and the cost that it has had on the state of California. Their findings may shock some, California has spent $4 billion in the past thirty years to up keep the death penalty, and the average capital trial cost $1 million more than non-capital trials (Alarcon Mitchell, 2011). Capital punishment is a legal process where the punishment for a crime is death. This is a concept that has been around for a long time. One of the earliest written documents that support capital punishment is Hammurabi’s Code with the theory of â€Å"an eye for an eye† (Mark, 2011). The topic of capital punishment has become a very controversial one in the past couple decades. Many people are against it, saying that it is a â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† and those for it fight say what a great deterrence it can be. While capital punishment may have had a purpose in the past, in our modern society I believe it should be an obsolete practice. As stated before, capital punishment is very costly. $90,000 per year per inmate is the difference between an inmate on death row and one sentenced to life without parole (Tempest, 2005). On average California spends $250 million on each execution, these numbers start to add up and they are most certainly more than what it would be to sentence them to life without parole. The side that is for capital punishment would say that these cost are necessary to keep ourShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Of Capital Punishment1313 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment Introduction The state of California has carried out 13 executions since the enactment of capital punishment in 1992 (NAACP, 2016, 10). According to the NAACP winter quarterly report, there are currently 743 prisoners on death row (NAACP, 2016, 39). Since the enactment, there has been a wide range of political debate. The largest concern is in regards to the number of wrongful convictions and its philosophical underpinnings. The citizens in California are as diverse as theirRead MoreCapital Punishment : One Of The Least Enforced Forms Of Punishments1188 Words   |  5 PagesPenalty Capital punishment is one of the least enforced forms of punishments in California. The state currently faces a large deficit and continues to hold inmates for life sentences. One hundred and fourteen dollars are spent daily on each inmate in California. That is more than what most Californians earn in a hardworking day at a minimum wage pay job. Thanks to inmate advocates, Californians spend millions on inmates verse spending on education and health for the work class. Capital punishment shouldRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On The Economy Of United States1320 Words   |  6 Pagesdeath penalty has existed in many forms and was carried out strictly to enforce the laws of society. As society grew more complex, many different factors influenced the development of the death penalty, or capital punishment as it has developed into in the United States. Because of this, controversy about whether or not to have the punishment arose, leading to much debate on the topic. The pape r will analyze and observe the Capital Punishment and its influence on the economy of United States. Before proceedingRead MoreCalifornias Death Penalty1667 Words   |  7 Pagesissue that has been a concern for decades Ââ€" Californias Death Penalty. The Death Penalty has long been a problem in California from costs, deterrence, overcrowded prisons, execution of the innocent and so on. Then if were having all these problems why should we continue using this system? The death penalty is the sentence of execution for murder and other capital crimes. Which are punishable by death? The death penalty is used only in 38 states (www.deathpenalty.org). The state of California is homeRead More Californias Death Penalty Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesabout an issue that has been a concern for decades – California’s Death Penalty. The Death Penalty has long been a problem in California from costs, deterrence, overcrowded prisons, execution of the innocent and so on. Then if were having all these problems why should we continue using this system? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The death penalty is the sentence of execution for murder and other capital crimes. Which are punishable by death? The death penalty is used only in 38 states (www.deathpenaltyRead MoreThe Importance Of Capital Punishment In The United States990 Words   |  4 PagesSince 1976, the United States has executed 1,465 inmates primarily through the use of the electric chair and lethal injection (Statistics, 2017). Among the 31 states who currently have death penalty laws, the State of Texas leads all other states in the number of prisoners executed (545) since 1976 (Statistics, 2017). While Texas adorns the dubious distinction of executing the most prisoners, the State of California surpasses all other states in the union with the number of inmates (744) awaitingRead MoreEssay about The High Cost of Capital Punishment855 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States of America, police officers are unfortunately, due to the lack of funding, being laid off, prisoners a re being set free, the court systems are being bombarded with cases and the overall crime rate in this country continues to climb higher and higher despite our efforts to lower it. Since the economic crisis in 2008 resulting in our country falling into a recession, the criminal justice system has been forced to make cuts all the way to the very foundation. Many states throughoutRead MoreThe Moral, Legal, and Economical Aspects of Capital Punishment1509 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has long been a topic for heated debate throughout the United States of America and the civilized world. For many politicians, the death penalty has been a key pillar to winning a state or election; and, to some extent, politics have been a key influence in America’s justice system. Many nations have outlawed capital punishment, with the United States included between 1972 and 1976. In the United States, there has been a renewed movement for this â€Å"eye for an eye† method, citi ngRead MoreDeath Penalty for Murders1634 Words   |  6 Pagessevere punishment in the United States. People who have performed heinous crimes can be sentenced to capital punishment in some states; however, this type of chastisement is rarely performed. Capital punishment has more negative aspects than it has positive. The states that have legalized the death penalty face the excessive costs associated with it, which can be damaging to their economies. In addition, there is always the chance of executing an innocent person when carrying out capital punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Act Of 1851 Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pagesexecutions in Californian were authorized under the criminal practice act of 1851 and later lead capital punishment to be incorporated into the penal code on Feb. 14, 1872. Essentially, hanging was allowed to be implemented and caused executions to be publicized. In 1937, legislature allowed lethal gas which effectively replaced hanging and lead to the build ing of the only lethal gas chamber in the state of California at San Quentin. The first execution by lethal gas was conducted in 1938 and the continued

Definition and Examples of Colloquialization in English

People Should Continue to Use Animal Testing Free Essays

The situation and environment of animal testing is extremely well in modern. It is a positive and efficient way to help people researching and trying in different kinds of professional fields, such as drugs, scientific technologies, food additives, GM food, human behaviors, clone and organ transplantation. In fact, there are no people and even impossible find another way instead of animal testing, because people’s researches have to use lives to test. We will write a custom essay sample on People Should Continue to Use Animal Testing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, people’s process without animal testing that will inhibit the world’s improvement and will be unpractical. Human is the critical life of the world, and people should continue to use animal testing for human development. There are quantities of successful cases about people’s inventions depend on animal testing in the past. For instance, people invented radar system through bats’ testing, created cloning technology through sheep’s testing and made plane through dragonflies’ testing. Actually, the people’s process history is the same as using animal testing history which the early animal testing is mostly relevant to foods and drugs. People would try to test the foods and drugs whether is toxic or not. It supposed that the people leave out the animal testing instead of people testing. Further more, in modern society, it still needs to clinical trials according to present technologies, so that the animal testing is highly promising and should continue to use. People are more likely to use white mice to test, there are four fundamental reasons. Firstly, white mice breed cycle quickly, low cost and are pure line. Secondly, the sensitivity of the various stimuli of white mice are strong and easily marker. Thirdly, since white mouse genes are close to human genes. Fourthly, the quality of rats is small, so the drug or phenomenon in its body can be quicker display. The four reasons can efficient justify that animal testing is the most quickly, effectively, easily and safely way. Whatever animal testing had produced the great contributions of human progress, there are still various oppositions which consider that animal testing is unethical, cruel, and dangerous. It is fallacy that the people who are object animal testing, because they are not aware to the huge improvement and succeed to the world through animal testing. Meanwhile, it sounds that ridiculous that the people whose lives are related to animal testing and shared the achievements through animal testing, but they are opposed the animal testing. There is no doubt that people should continue to use animal testing. With the animal testing, people can make a better life. People should appreciate the animals which take a risk instead of human. Therefore, people should continue to animal testing to advance the world progress and return to the contribution of countless animals’ lives. How to cite People Should Continue to Use Animal Testing, Essays

Church Going Essay Example For Students

Church Going Essay In Philip Larkins poem, Church Going, Mr. Larkin depicts the confusion of an individual, the persona, who is compelled to enter the churches he sees on his bicycle rides. His problem is, that every time he comes away feeling as if he has wasted his time. Larkin uses the persona to describe his feelings toward religion. The persona is split between two ideas of religion. The holy, ceremonious, view the church takes, versus the belief in the pure spirituality. The persona although drawn to the church seems to be mocking it once inside. His descriptions of the hymnals as little books, and the altar as the holy end, demean the sanctity of the church. Ironically, he doesnt think twice about removing his cycle clips in place of his hat to show his reverence. This acts show that for some reason the persona has some respect for at least a part of the church.Larkin uses irony in this situation possibly to depict how the personas manner at Church has been drilled into his head, most likeliy as a child. The reason he is conflicted is because he grew- up under certain ideals, and although his views may have changed, he cant break his old habits. The act that epitomizes his confusion is when he drops the Irish sixpence in the collection box. He continues his old habit, while he also mocks the church by contributing what is essentially nothing but a circular piece of metal. Drawing on conclusions reached from one of Larkins other poems, Aubade, one can see that Larkin perceives religion as a vast moth eaten brocade, or in simplier terms, a covering with no inside, much like a twinkie with no creamy filling. He thinks of religion as a phony created to protect man from realizing their true fate.Knowing the prior knowledge one can comprehend that the persona, like Larkin believes that the phoniness will eventually be understood by all the people and the parishoners will slowly disapear until the idea of Sunday mass is a memory of long ago. However the persona feels that there is something special about the church something greater than the decorations,something on the spiritual level.

Preparation of Identification by Ir and Nmr Spectroscopy free essay sample

The reactive acid chloride can then be treated with a primary or secondary amine to give the amide along with HCl, which reacts with the excess amine to give an alkylammonium chloride salt. The mechanism of this process is shown on the following page in Scheme 22: [pic] Scheme 2 To carry out this reaction, the apparatus shown in Figure 1 will be assembled. The apparatus must be dry, since thionyl chloride will react with water to give sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride. The acid chloride will then be cooled to room temperature and dissolved in anhydrous ether. Ice-cold diethylamine will be added as a solution in anhydrous ether to form the amide. The resulting ether mixture will washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide (to remove any excess acid chloride), then washed with hydrochloric acid (to remove any excess diethylamine). The resulting ether solution of DEET will be dried and evaporated to yield the crude product, which will then be purified by column chromatography to afford pure DEET. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of Identification by Ir and Nmr Spectroscopy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The percent yield from m-toluic acid will be determined and the product will be analyzed by transmission infrared spectroscopy (IR) as a neat sample using NaCl plates5 to confirm its structure by (1) looking at the major absorptions and comparing them to a correlation table6 and (2) by comparing the spectrum to that of an authentic sample. Thionyl chloride is toxic and corrosive! Do not breath the vapors! Use in a hood! When heating a reaction apparatus, be sure that it is open to the air so that pressure build up and subsequent rupture of the apparatus does not occur. When heating liquids, make sure the liquid is stirred (or a boiling chip is added) to prevent â€Å"bumping†. When performing an extraction, make sure to vent the separatory funnel often to prevent pressure build-up. The apparatus shown in Figure 1 was assembled. The 10-mL reaction flask was charged with 0. 275 g of m-toluic acid (0. 0020 mol) and 0. 30 mL of thionyl chloride (0. 492 g, 0. 0041 mol). The condenser water was started, and the mixture was gently heated with stirring on an aluminum block (block temp ~ 90 oC) until boiling started. The reaction mixture was then gently boiled for about 15 minutes. After the boiling period was finished, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. 4. 0 mL of anhydrous ether were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until a homogeneous mixture was obtained. To this solution was added (dropwise over a 15 minute period) a solution of 0. 6 mL of cold (0 oC) diethylamine (0. 462 g, 0. 0063 mol) in 1. 33 mL of anhydrous ether. During the addition, a thick white cloud of diethylamine hydrochloride was formed. After complete addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 10 minutes. 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mL) was then added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 15 minutes at room temperature, then poured into a separatory funnel and allowed to separate. The aqueous layer was discarded, and the organic layer was washed with an additional portion of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mL), followed by a portion of 10% hydrochloric acid (2 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (2 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to yield crude N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide as dark brown liquid. The crude product was filtered through a short alumina column using hexane as the eluent (~ 5 mL). The hexane solution was evaporated to give 0. 340 g of pure N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide as a yellow liquid. Reaction of m-toluic acid with thionyl chloride, followed by diethylamine produced 0. 340 g of a yellow liquid the IR spectrum of which unequivocally showed the presence of the amide carbonyl functional group at 1633 cm-1. In addition, absorptions due to aliphatic C-H (2980 – 2880 cm-1), and aromatic C=C (at 1585 cm-1). The IR spectrum is attached to this report. These data are consistent with the structure of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), shown in Figure 2 below: [pic] Figure 2: N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) In addition, the IR of the product closely corresponds with that of an authentic sample of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) shown in the lab text. 9 Also, the 1H-NMR shows the presence of four (4) aromatic protons in the region 7. 3 – 7. 1 ppm, as well as a three (3) proton singlet at 2. 35 ppm, which corresponds to the benzylic methyl group. The presence of two ethyl groups is clearly shown by the presence of two quartets which integrate to 2 protons each at 3. 53 and 3. 24 ppm, and two triplets which integrate to 3 protons each at 1. 23 and 1. 09 ppm.

The Experts Guide to the AP Biology Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Biology Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're taking AP Biology, it's a good idea to familiarize yourself with the exam before you get too far into the course. Preparing ahead of time for the AP exam format and fully understanding which concepts are covered on the AP Biology test can go a long way toward earning a high score (and potentially getting college credit!). This article will take you through the structure and scoring of the AP Bio exam and give you some key tips on the best ways to study for AP Biology. How Is the AP Biology Exam Structured? The AP Biology test has a multiple-choice section (that also includes grid-in questions, so it’s not purely multiple choice) and a free-response section. It is three hours long in total. The next AP Biology exam will take place on Monday, May 11, 2020, at 8 am. Multiple-Choice Section The first section on AP Bio consists of multiple-choice questions and a handful of grid-in questions. Here's an overview of what to expect: 63 multiple-choice questions Six grid-in questions 90 minutes long Worth 50% of your score Grid-in questions ask you to integrate math and science skills to make calculations and then enter your answer into a grid on the answer sheet (essentially, these are short-response questions that are similar to grid-in questions on the SAT Math section). Free-Response Section The second section is the free-response section, which looks like this: Six short-response questions Two long-response questions 90 minutes long (including a 10-minute reading period) Worth 50% of your score (25% for the short responses and 25% for the long responses) One of the long-response questions will be lab- or data-based, while all short-response questions require you to write at least a paragraph for your response or argument. Expectations of the AP Biology Exam Here's what both sections on the AP Biology test expect you to know how to do: Understand how graphical and mathematical models can be used to explain biological principles and concepts Make predictions and justify events based on biological principles Implement your knowledge of proper experimental design Interpret data Is this coffee smiling at me? Or am I delirious from lack of sleep? What's Tested on the AP Biology Exam? 4 Big Ideas The AP Biology test doesn't include a set number of questions that deal with each topic area, but you should note that the exam is centered around four major themes (or "Big Ideas," as the College Board calls them). Here's a list of these themes, followed by the topics that fall beneath each of them: Big Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Topics that fall into this category include the following: Natural selection Mathematical modeling of populations Species classification Biodiversity Big Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce, and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Topics that fall into this category include the following: Molecular biology Cell structure Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Thermodynamics and homeostasis The immune response Big Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Retrieve, Transmit, and Respond to Info That's Essential to Life Processes Here are the main topics in this category: Genetics The cell cycle (mitosis and meiosis) Viruses Communication between cells The endocrine system The nervous system Big Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Have Complex Properties The topics that fall into this category include the following: Plant structure Enzymes The circulatory system Digestion The musculoskeletal system Ecology AP Biology Sample Questions Now that you have a basic content outline, here are some examples of the types of questions you'll see on the AP Biology test so that you can get an even better idea of what to expect. Multiple-Choice Here is an example of a multiple-choice AP Biology exam question: This question looks kind of complicated, but let’s break it down. The first sentence is background information that isn’t really necessary for answering the question, besides the fact that it tells us we’re talking about sickle cell anemia. This is helpful if you can remember basic facts about the disease that you can use to contextualize the question. The main part of the question asks what will be affected when you replace a hydrophilic amino acid with a hydrophobic one on a hemoglobin protein. Based on your knowledge of sickle cell anemia and molecular properties, you should be able to eliminate choices B and C, which don’t have much to do with the abnormality described in the question. Choice D can also be eliminated because the internal secondary structure of the protein is not altered by the existence of the hydrophobic group. This would only affect how the molecule interacts externally with other hemoglobin molecules, as in choice A (the correct answer). Grid-In Here’s an example of a grid-in question that you might see on the AP Biology test: This question just asks you to read a graph and perform some basic calculations. We can see from the graph that from day 3 to day 5, the population size grew from 200 to 900 individuals. This means that it increased by 700 individuals in total. If we divide 700 by the time period of two days, that's a mean growth rate of 350 individuals per day. Therefore, you would enter â€Å"350† into the grid for this question. Bacteria gettin' it on. Short Free Response Here’s an example of a short free-response question you might see on the AP Biology test: On this particular question, you could earn a maximum of 4 points (one for each type of data you describe in part a and one for the explanation for each in part b). Here are three types of data and their corresponding explanations you could cite for points: Option 1 Data Description: The ability of the plants to produce viable seeds/offspring in nature Explanation: This is consistent with the definition of a biological species Option 2 Data Description: Comparison of the two plants’ DNA sequences or structures of other conserved molecules. Explanation: Sufficient similarity between the DNA structures would support the existence of a single species Option 3 Data Description: Discovering the existence of fertile hybrid plant populations living between the two other populations of plants Explanation: This is also consistent with the definition of a biological species (again, ability to produce fertile offspring) There must be jobs out there for which you just have to collect plant samples. Start building your experience now by never showering. Long Free Response Here’s an example of a long free-response question you might see on the AP Biology exam: On this question, you could earn up to 10 points in total. Part A is worth 3 points. To earn these points, you have to: Create a graph that is correctly labeled, is correctly scaled, and uses proper units. Make it a bar graph with correctly plotted sample means. Show the standard error (+/- 2) on your graph above and below the means. Part B is worth 2 points. To earn these points, you have to: Identify populations I and III as the most likely to have statistically significant differences in the mean densities. Explain why this is the case (because the margins of error do not overlap for the mean densities of these two populations; 9+2 is less than 14-2). Part C is worth 5 points: You'd earn 2 points for identifying the independent variable (presence of herbivores) and dependent variable (trichome density). You would earn 1 point for identifying a control treatment (absence of herbivores). You would earn 1 point for identifying an appropriate duration of the experiment (more than one generation of plants). The final point would be earned by predicting experimental results that would support the hypothesis (higher trichome density under the experimental conditions as compared to the control conditions). Ugh, gross! This leaf is full of trichomes. How Is the AP Biology Exam Scored? As mentioned, on AP Bio the multiple-choice section (including the grid-ins) makes up 50% of your score, and the free-response section makes up the other 50%. For the multiple-choice section, it’s easy to calculate your raw score: you just get 1 point for each question you answer correctly. There are no point deductions for incorrect or blank answers. This is also true for the grid-in questions. Scoring is a bit more complicated on the free-response section (which is scored by actual graders rather than a computer). Each of the six short response questions has a different point value depending on its complexity. Three are scored out of 3 points, while the other three are scored out of 4 points. Finally, each long free-response question uses a 10-point scale. To figure out your final AP Bio score, you’ll need to do a couple more calculations. This can change from year to year based on the performance of students, but this is the most recent estimate I have regarding the methodology behind it: Multiply the number of points you got on the multiple-choice section by 1.03 Multiply the number of points you got on the two long free-response questions by 1.5 Multiply the number of points you got on the short free-response questions by 1.43 Add all these numbers together to get your raw AP Biology score Here's a conversion chart you can use to see how raw score ranges (generally) translate into final AP scores (on a scale of 1-5). I've also included the percentage of students who earned each score in 2017 to give you an idea of what the score distribution looks like: Raw Score AP Score % of Test Takers Earning Score (2017) 92-120 5 6.4% 72-91 4 21.0% 52-71 3 36.7% 31-51 2 27.5% 0-30 1 8.4% For example, if you got 40 points on the multiple-choice section, 13 points on the long-response questions, and 14 points on the short-response questions, your AP Bio score would be (40*1.03) + (13*1.5) + (14*1.43) = 80.72. This indicates that you'd likely earn a 4 on the AP Biology test. If you want to spice things up a little bit, you can even do the math on a snazzy calculator with red buttons! Isn't this fun?!?!? What’s the Best Way to Prep for the AP Biology Exam? Now that you know all about what's on the AP Biology test, it's time to learn how to ace it. Follow these four tips so you can get a great score! Tip 1: Review Your Labs Labs make up about 25% of the AP Biology course, and for good reason. It’s important to understand how labs are conducted and how the principles behind them relate to the main ideas of the course. This will help in answering both free-response and multiple-choice questions that deal with lab scenarios on the test. Many free-response questions ask you to identify the components of a proposed experiment (dependent and independent variables) or to design a lab to test a certain hypothesis. You might have forgotten about the labs you did toward the beginning of the year, so take extra care to go over them. Make sure that you understand exactly how they were conducted and what the results mean. Tip 2: Learn to Connect Small-Scale Terms With Large-Scale Themes The AP Biology test covers four major themes: Evolution Energy use in biological systems Processing of stimuli in biological systems Interaction of biological systems Under each of these umbrella topics are many terms and ideas you'll need to review. Memorization can be a big part of studying for AP Biology. However, memorizing the definitions of terms will only get you so far. You'll also need to understand how they relate to one another and to the four themes listed above. The exam emphasizes making connections between biological terms, corresponding biological systems, inputs and outputs of these systems, and the overall impact on living organisms and the environment. You should be able to follow a chain of reasoning from the specific to the broad, and vice versa. If this tree is AP Biology, the four big branches are the four themes, and all the smaller offshoots are different terms and concepts. For it to survive, there has to be a lot of communication between the trunk and the rest of the tree! Tip 3: Practice Eliminating Irrelevant Information Both multiple-choice and free-response AP Biology questions include lots of scientific terminology and visual aids, and this kind of format might be intimidating if you’re not used to it. It’s important to practice sorting through this jumble of information so that you can quickly get to the root of the question rather than obsessing over small details you don’t understand. Try underlining important words and phrases in the question to help you stay focused on the main points and avoid misleading distractions. You should also practice responding to free-response questions in a straightforward way without any unnecessary fluff. Remember, this isn’t an English test; the graders are just looking for clear facts and analysis. Make it easy for them to give you points! Tip 4: Learn Good Time Management The AP Bio exam is pretty long (even for an AP test), and many of the questions require quite a bit of thought. You need to ensure that you have a good handle on time management before exam day. The best way to do this is to take at least one AP Biology practice test. There are 69 questions in total on the multiple-choice section, and you have 90 minutes to answer them. This comes out to about one minute and 15 seconds for each question. Based on that fact, you should spend no more than a minute on each multiple-choice question the first time you go through a practice test. If you find yourself spending extra time on a question, skip it and come back to it later. It’s best to give yourself some leeway in case you run into trouble on the grid-in questions. You also have 90 minutes for the free-response section, but you'll spend different amounts of time on the long and short questions. Limit your time on the long questions to 22 minutes each or less (44 minutes total), and your time on the short questions to six minutes each or less. If you can’t work this fast right away, try doing additional practice free-response questions until you feel comfortable with the time constraints. Really get to know the test. Take it on a romantic getaway, and watch the sunset with it. Deep down, the AP Biology exam just wants to be understood. Summary: How to Do Well on the AP Biology Exam The AP Biology exam is three hours long, with two sections that take up an hour and a half each. The multiple-choice section has 69 questions in total, while the free-response section has eight questions in total. The content of the exam spans four major themes, or Big Ideas, that are central to the course. These include the following: Evolution Energy use within biological systems The processing of stimuli within biological systems Interactions that occur between biological systems on a larger scale in nature Questions ask you to connect specific terms and concepts to these central topics. They'll test your ability to interpret data, to make predictions and inferences based on biological evidence, and to analyze different experimental scenarios. Overall, AP Biology is a tough test, but as long as you study hard and know what to expect, you're perfectly capable of getting a great score! What's Next? Review key biology ideas and facts with our subject-focused guides. You'll learn about cell theory and the functions of the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum, what the distinction is between homologous and analogous structures, how enzymes work, and when and how to use the photosynthesis equation. If any of your prospective colleges require or recommend Subject Test scores, you might want to take the Biology SAT Subject Test in addition to the AP Biology test. Read this article to learn more about the differences between AP tests and Subject Tests, and which ones matter the most. Still planning out your class schedule? Find out how many AP classes you should take in high school based on your college goals. The difficulty level of different AP classes might play a role in your decision whether or not to take them. Check out these articles for more info on which AP classes are the hardest and which are the easiest. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Toulmin analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Toulmin analysis - Assignment Example This is because the former keep the peroxide or whitening agent against the teeth for the longest duration of time (TTWK, 2009). Backing in the form of support for the warrant, are that: whiter teeth enhance the personality, help to establish a better image of oneself, improves one’s social life, and boosts confidence, all of which lead to a better quality of life. Qualifiers: Stains on the teeth occur as a result of drinking red wine, coffee and cola. However, they may be caused by other reasons as well such as the use of tobacco, improper brushing of teeth, or drinking tea. Therefore, the qualified claim is that the most significant causes, though perhaps not the only causes of staining of the teeth are: drinking red wine, coffee and cola. Interpreting the results using the Toulmin Analysis above, indicates that the overall effectiveness of the argument appears to be strong, with a structured support. The argument presented by the manufacturers of Smile Brite teeth whitener appears compelling regarding its high levels of convenience, effectiveness, and ultimate usefulness in improving overall quality of life. According to ADA (2009), recent research conducted by Cochrane collaboration reveals that home-use teeth whiteners have short-term effectiveness in whitening teeth, but further research is required on the long-term outcomes and side effects of their use. The Toulmin Analysis is a useful tool for researchers and writers, since the various parts of an argument: the claim, data/ support and warrants, and the qualifiers, rebuttals and backing for the warrants can be analysed and compared separately. The validity of each argument of other authors, as well as a thorough analysis of the writer’s own arguments results in a critical research study of a topic (Hitchcock & Verheij,